The Korean Writing System

This text is not intended as a tutorial to help in learning the Korean alphabet. Instead, it is written for web designers and other people who need a superficial knowledge how to encode Korean characters in an HTML document. Basic knowledge of Unicode character representation and HTML character references is necessary to understand this text. If you don’t know about Unicode, Character Sets, Encodings and I18n, please read some tutorial, e.g., Character Set Issues by A.J. Flavell.

Introduction

Each Korean character (hangul, 한글) represents one syllable. Although the Hangul look superficially similar to Chinese logograms, there is no close relation between the two except the roughly quadratic shape. Historically, Chinese characters were used to write Korean until the Hangul were introduced in the 15.th century. Since then, the usage of Chinese characters to write Korean (hanja, 한자) has declined drastically. Contemporary Korean writing has abolished Hanja to a large extent: In newspapers, for example, the Hanja typically amount to less than 5% of the characters used, and may even be completely absent. Nevertheless, scientific and scholary texts often use up to 50% Hanja, especially in matters that were historically influenced by Chinese concepts.

The Hangul are composed of letters (jamo, 자모) in a rather systematic way. The Jamo represent sounds similar to the way how Latin letters represent sounds. Although there are 11172 different Hangul, their individual appearances need not to be memorized; rather, one has to learn the 68 different Jamo shapes and the rules governing the construction of Hangul from Jamo. Moreover, even the Jamo shapes are not arbitrary: For example, the Jamo ㅆ (SS) looks like a duplicated ㅅ (S), and the Jamo ㄵ (NJ) is a juxtaposition of ㄴ (N) and ㅈ (J).

Some Jamo shapes are obviously mnemonic, e.g., ㅁ (M) which symbolizes a closed mouth articulating the sound /m/. It is now fairly established that this mnemonic character applies to all Jamo consonants even if they look rather arbitrary: The key is the shape and position of the tongue when producing the consonant sound.

The Korean Letters: Jamo

A Korean syllable consists of a lead consonant, a medial vowel and a tail consonant. To write syllables with an initial vowel, a special sign for a mute lead consonant must be used. In open syllables (syllables ending in a vowel), the tail consonant is omitted. Isolated vowels can be considered regular syllables with a mute initial and a missing tail.

There are 19 different lead consonants, including the mute consonant. The following table gives these consonants in their canonical order and their Unicode values. Consonant number 12 is the mute consonant.

The vowels number 21 in Korean. Note that some of these vowels would be classified as diphthongs in other languages; also, some vowels contain an Y as part of the vowel.

The total number of tail consonants is 27; some of them are very rarely used in modern Korean. Most of the tail consonants can also appear as leads; the Jamo for these consonant pairs look very similar. Tail consonant 21 ㅇ (NG) corresponds to the mute lead consonant ㅇ (12).

NumberTailJamoCharacter
reference
1Gᆨ
2GGᆩ
3GSᆪ
4Nᆫ
5NJᆬ
6NHᆭ
7Dᆮ
8Lᆯ
9LGᆰ
10LMᆱ
11LBᆲ
12LSᆳ
13LTᆴ
14LPᆵ
15LHᆶ
16Mᆷ
17Bᆸ
18BSᆹ
19Sᆺ
20SSᆻ
21NGᆼ
22Jᆽ
23Cᆾ
24Kᆿ
25Tᇀ
26Pᇁ
27Hᇂ
NumberVowelJamoCharacter
reference
1Aᅡ
2AEᅢ
3YAᅣ
4YAEᅤ
5EOᅥ
6Eᅦ
7YEOᅧ
8YEᅨ
9Oᅩ
10WAᅪ
11WAEᅫ
12OEᅬ
13YOᅭ
14Uᅮ
15WEOᅯ
16WEᅰ
17WIᅱ
18YUᅲ
19EUᅳ
20YIᅴ
21Iᅵ
NumberLeadJamoCharacter
reference
1Gᄀ
2GGᄁ
3Nᄂ
4Dᄃ
5DDᄄ
6Rᄅ
7Mᄆ
8Bᄇ
9BBᄈ
10Sᄉ
11SSᄊ
12 ᄋ
13Jᄌ
14JJᄍ
15Cᄎ
16Kᄏ
17Tᄐ
18Pᄑ
19Hᄒ

Actually, Unicode has another range of Jamo characters called Hangul Compatibility Jamo, starting at U+3100. These represent the same letters, but they have no conjoining behaviour as described in the next section. The compatibility Jamo are rather unlikely to appear in a real Korean document, but they can be used if isolated Jamo must be shown in a text, for example an instruction of the writing system (like the one you are currently reading).

In this document, I use compatibility Jamo almost everywhere, as they tend to render more cleanly. In the tables on the right side, each Jamo is given twice: First as conjoinig Jamo and then as compatibility Jamo, while the hexadecimal codepoint refers to the former. The differences (if any) can be demonstrated here: Jamo GG ᄁ (head) and ᆩ (tail) and Compatibility Jamo GG ㄲ. What you will see depends on your operating system, your browser, your default font and even the font size. While the Compatibility Jamo will probably look all right, the isolated conjoining Jamo may appear identical, smaller (and raised or lowered), overlapping their neighbours, or even empty.

Korean Syllabary: Hangul

Jamo are combined to Hangul by vertical stacking. If the vowel has a more or less horizontal shape, the three Jamo are stacked from top to bottom. An example is the Hangul NOG 녹 composed of the Jamo N ㄴ, O ㅗ and G ㄱ. If the vowel, however, extends vertically, then the upper left quarter of the Hangul displays the lead, the upper right quarter the vowel and the lower half the tail. An example is NAES 냇 which breaks down to the Jamo N ㄴ, AE ㅐ and S ㅅ. These rules are applied in a flexible way in the construction of some Hangul to yield calligraphically optimal results

Therefore, a Korean text can be seen as a sequence of Hangul, each of which represents one spoken syllable. In this view, Korean script would be seen as a syllabary comparable to East African Ge’ez script, and to lesser degree, Japanese (kana) scripts. On the other hand, one could understand Korean writing without reference to Hangul at all; according to this perspective, Korean writing is as alphabetical as the Latin script, but uses complicated typographic rules to determine the placement of any Jamo relative to its predecessor and successor.

The latter view also reminds to Indic scripts of the Brahmi family, where an arbitrary number of consonant signs plus a vowel are graphically combined into a syllable glyph; the combination rules for Indic scripts are, however, much more involved. It has been argued that the Indic model influenced the construction of the Hangul script via the Tibetean Phagspa script. Phagspa was a short-lived script and is now extinct; it is not the predecessor of the modern Tibeten script.

Encoding Hangul in Unicode

Theoretically, it would be possible to encode Korean texts with Jamo only and leave the task of Hangul construction to the font renderer. In Unicode, this is allowed, as a well-formed sequence of Jamo is canonically equivalent to the corresponding Hangul. Yet due to lack of support in current renderers, this is not recommended practise. To see whether your browser supports composition of Hangul from Jamo, compare the following three representations of the syllable HWEOLH: Precomposed Hangul 훯, three conjoining Jamo 훯, the same three Jamo enclosed in some markup to prevent their joining and three Compatibility Jamo ㅎㅝㅀ. Ideally, only the first two should render identically as compound Hangul. Canonical equivalence even extends to mixed cases of Hangul HWEO 훠 plus tail Jamo LH ㅀ, see here 훯 for a live example (support for this construction is even worse than for the previous). However, there is no canonical nor compatibility equivalence that would allow you to decompose a complex Jamo like LH into its constituents (L and H).

The common way of coding Korean text is to use the precomposed Hangul syllables. that do not explicitly reference the underlying Jamo characters. Isolated Jamo are rarely found in Korean texts. The Unicode Standard assigns an individual code point to each Hangul. To calculate the code point of a Hangul from its Jamo components, the following formula may be used:

Code point of Hangul = tail + (vowel−1)*28 + (lead−1)*588 + 44032

In this formula, lead, vowel and tail refer to the small integer numbers given in the above tables (if there is no tail consonant, use the value 0). The Hangul syllabary occupies the Unicode range from AC00 (decimal 44032) to D7A3 (decimal 55171).

In the other direction, the phonetic value of a Hangul can be calculated from its code point. It is convenient to use the modulo function mod(a,b), which yields the remainder of the quotient a/b, and the integer function int(a) which yields the integer part of a.

tail = mod (Hangul codepoint − 44032, 28)
vowel = 1 + mod (Hangul codepoint − 44032 − tail, 588) / 28
lead = 1 + int [ (Hangul codepoint − 44032)/588 ]

To illustrate the formulae, let us consider the writing of the words jamo and hangul in Hangul. The Hangul neccessary are called JA, MO, HAN and GEUL in Unicode.

 JAMO HAN GEUL
lead consonantJ ㅈ (13)M ㅁ (7) H ㅎ (19) G ㄱ (1)
vowelA ㅏ (1)O ㅗ (9)A ㅏ (1)EU ㅡ (19)
tail consonant– (0)– (0)N ㄴ (4)L ㄹ (8)
Hangul code point (dec) 51088 47784 54620 44544
Hangul code point (hex) C790 BAA8 D55C AE00
Hangul character

As an inverse problem, we now analyse the two Korean words 서울 and 평양:

Hangul
Hangul code point (hex) C11C C6B8 D3C9 C591
Hangul code point (dec) 49436 50872 54217 50577
Code point − 44032 5404 6840 10185 6545
tail consonant– (0)L ㄹ (8)NG ㅇ (21)NG ㅇ (21)
vowelEO ㅓ (5)U ㅜ (14)YEO ㅕ (7) YA ㅑ (3)
lead consonantS ㅅ (10)– ㅇ (12) P ㅍ (18) – ㅇ (12)
Hangul SEOULPYEONGYANG

So the the two words actually stand for the capitals of South and North Korea, respectively. These are usually rendered in Latin script as Seoul and Pyeongyang, although other romanizations are possible (e.g., Sŏul and P’yŏngyang or Pyongyang).

Note that Unicode contains also obsolete or archaic Jamo that are absent from standard writing. They might still be used in reproducing historical texts, writing Korean dialects or transcribing Chinese words. Unicode does not offer precomposed hangul with these rare letters; instead, syllables containing them must be coded by jamo letters (if only the tail of a syllable is archaic, then the mixed representation with an open-syllable hangul followed by the archaic tail is also possible). An example is the archaic Z ㅿ appearing in the hangul ZIZ ᅀᅵᇫ or GOZ 고ᇫ or 고ᇫ (unlikely to render correctly)

Romanization of Korean

Korean writing system, due to its phonetic nature, represented the sounds of spoken Korean very well at the time of its introduction. Since then, more than half of a millennium has passed. In this time, sound shifts have occurred in spoken Korean, but the spelling still has not been reformed much since. Therefore, written and spoken Korean do no longer correspond closely to each other. When Korean language is to be written in the Latin alphabet (romanized), the question arises whether the spoken or the written language should be followed in devising a romanization scheme. Both appoaches have their merits, and both are actually used.

The Unicode names of Jamo and Hangul closely follow the Revised Romanization of Korean, which has official status in Korea. The revised system basically maps each Jamo to one letter (or a polygraph) of the Latin alphabet, thus creating a faithful representation of written Korean in Latin script. It does not, however, represent the actual pronunciation very well.

Outside of Korea, the older McCune-Reischauer System continues to be popular. It takes into account certain assimilation phenomena that occur on syllable boundaries, and thus comes closer to the actual pronunciation of Korean. On the other hand, McCune-Reischauer romanizations cannot be constructed trivially from sequences of Jamo. The remainder of this section will describe the procedure briefly.

The vowels are transliterated in a rather straightforward way. As special characters, u and o with the breve accent (ŭ, ŏ) are used to denote short reduced vowels. The diacritics are often omitted when publishing on the web.

Vowel name A AE YA YAE EO E YEO YE O WA WAE OE YO U WEO WE WI YU EU YI I
Korean
McCune-Reischauer a ae ya yae ŏ e ye o wa wae oe yo u we wi yu ŭ ŭi i

The romanization of consonants is significantly more involved. The complication arises from the fact the tail of any syllable may be assimilated to the lead of the following syllable. Therefore, there are no separate pronunciations of the tail and the lead of consecutive syllables, but both of them are to be pronounced as one single unit. The McCune-Reischauer romanization acknowledges this fact by also romanizing them as a unit. The following table gives the transliteration of tail/lead combinations involving the most common Jamo.

lead=
 


G

N

D

R

M

B

S

J

C

K

T

P

H
word-
final
tail=
ㄱ G
GKKNGNKTNGNNGMKPKSKCHKCH’KK’KT’KP’KHK
ㄴ NNN’GNNNDLLNMNBNSNJNCH’NK’NT’NP’NHN
ㄹ LRLGLLLTLLLMLBLSLCHLCH’LK’LT’LP’RHL
ㅁ MMMGMNMDMNMMMBMSMJMCH’MK’MT’MP’MHM
ㅂ BBPKMNPTMNMMPPPSPCHPCH’PK’PT’PP’PHP
ㅇ NGNGNGGNGNNGDNGNNGMNGBNGSNGJNGCH’NGK’NGT’NGP’NGHNG
ㅅ SSTKNNTTSLNMTPTSTCHSCH’SK’ST’SP’THT
any vowel GNDRMBSJCH’K’T’P’H 
initial KNTRMPSCHCH’K’T’P’H 

The apostrophe is used to disambiguate N’G (sequence of Jamo N + Jamo G) from NG (Jamo NG) and to mark aspirated plosives. This sign is often omitted from documents published on the web.

To illustrate the use of that table, we will romanize the National Motto of South Korea 널리 인간을 이롭게 하라 Bring benefit to all people using the McCune-Reischauer System.

Hangul    
Hangul Name NEOLRI   INGANEUL   IROBGE   HARA
Romanization nŏlli in’ganŭl iropke hara

Note that in the combination GAN-EUL (간을), the second hangul starts with an empty lead, thus the transcription value for the N must be taken from the first column of the table. Likewise, in I-ROB (이롭), the first hangul has no tail which means that the penultimate row applies. This is admittedly complicated, but not unreasonably so.

Table of Hangul

The following (very long) table lists all possible Hangul. Move the mouse over a character to see its Unicode code point in the status bar (if your browser allows it), and click for additional information.

T=() ㄱ (g) ㄲ (gg)ㄳ (gs)ㄴ (n)ㄵ (nj)ㄶ (nh)ㄷ (d)ㄹ (l)ㄺ (lg)ㄻ (lm)ㄼ (lb)ㄽ (ls)ㄾ (lt)ㄿ (lp)ㅀ (lh)ㅁ (m)ㅂ (b)ㅄ (bs)ㅅ (s)ㅆ (ss)ㅇ (ng)ㅈ (j)ㅊ (cc)ㅋ (k)ㅌ (t)ㅍ (p)ㅎ (h)
LV                            
ㄱ (g)ㅏ (a)
ga

gag

gagg

gags

gan

ganj

ganh

gad

gal

galg

galm

galb

gals

galt

galp

galh

gam

gab

gabs

gas

gass

gang

gaj

gacc

gak

gat

gap

gah
ㄱ (g)ㅐ (ae)
gae

gaeg

gaegg

gaegs

gaen

gaenj

gaenh

gaed

gael

gaelg

gaelm

gaelb

gaels

gaelt

gaelp

gaelh

gaem

gaeb

gaebs

gaes

gaess

gaeng

gaej

gaecc

gaek

gaet

gaep

gaeh
ㄱ (g)ㅑ (ya)
gya

gyag

gyagg

gyags

gyan

gyanj

gyanh
갿
gyad

gyal

gyalg

gyalm

gyalb

gyals

gyalt

gyalp

gyalh

gyam

gyab

gyabs

gyas

gyass

gyang

gyaj

gyacc

gyak

gyat

gyap

gyah
ㄱ (g)ㅒ (yae)
gyae

gyaeg

gyaegg

gyaegs

gyaen

gyaenj

gyaenh

gyaed

gyael

gyaelg

gyaelm

gyaelb

gyaels

gyaelt

gyaelp

gyaelh

gyaem

gyaeb

gyaebs

gyaes

gyaess

gyaeng

gyaej

gyaecc

gyaek

gyaet

gyaep

gyaeh
ㄱ (g)ㅓ (eo)
geo

geog

geogg

geogs

geon

geonj

geonh

geod

geol

geolg

geolm

geolb

geols

geolt

geolp
걿
geolh

geom

geob

geobs

geos

geoss

geong

geoj

geocc

geok

geot

geop

geoh
ㄱ (g)ㅔ (e)
ge

geg

gegg

gegs

gen

genj

genh

ged

gel

gelg

gelm

gelb

gels

gelt

gelp

gelh

gem

geb

gebs

ges

gess

geng

gej

gecc

gek

get

gep

geh
ㄱ (g)ㅕ (yeo)
gyeo

gyeog

gyeogg

gyeogs

gyeon

gyeonj

gyeonh

gyeod

gyeol

gyeolg

gyeolm

gyeolb

gyeols

gyeolt

gyeolp

gyeolh

gyeom

gyeob

gyeobs

gyeos

gyeoss

gyeong

gyeoj
겿
gyeocc

gyeok

gyeot

gyeop

gyeoh
ㄱ (g)ㅖ (ye)
gye

gyeg

gyegg

gyegs

gyen

gyenj

gyenh

gyed

gyel

gyelg

gyelm

gyelb

gyels

gyelt

gyelp

gyelh

gyem

gyeb

gyebs

gyes

gyess

gyeng

gyej

gyecc

gyek

gyet

gyep

gyeh
ㄱ (g)ㅗ (o)
go

gog

gogg

gogs

gon

gonj

gonh

god

gol

golg

golm

golb

gols

golt

golp

golh

gom

gob

gobs

gos

goss

gong

goj

gocc

gok

got

gop

goh
ㄱ (g)ㅘ (wa)
gwa

gwag

gwagg
곿
gwags

gwan

gwanj

gwanh

gwad

gwal

gwalg

gwalm

gwalb

gwals

gwalt

gwalp

gwalh

gwam

gwab

gwabs

gwas

gwass

gwang

gwaj

gwacc

gwak

gwat

gwap

gwah
ㄱ (g)ㅙ (wae)
gwae

gwaeg

gwaegg

gwaegs

gwaen

gwaenj

gwaenh

gwaed

gwael

gwaelg

gwaelm

gwaelb

gwaels

gwaelt

gwaelp

gwaelh

gwaem

gwaeb

gwaebs

gwaes

gwaess

gwaeng

gwaej

gwaecc

gwaek

gwaet

gwaep

gwaeh
ㄱ (g)ㅚ (oe)
goe

goeg

goegg

goegs

goen

goenj

goenh

goed

goel

goelg

goelm
괿
goelb

goels

goelt

goelp

goelh

goem

goeb

goebs

goes

goess

goeng

goej

goecc

goek

goet

goep

goeh
ㄱ (g)ㅛ (yo)
gyo

gyog

gyogg

gyogs

gyon

gyonj

gyonh

gyod

gyol

gyolg

gyolm

gyolb

gyols

gyolt

gyolp

gyolh

gyom

gyob

gyobs

gyos

gyoss

gyong

gyoj

gyocc

gyok

gyot

gyop

gyoh
ㄱ (g)ㅜ (u)
gu

gug

gugg

gugs

gun

gunj

gunh

gud

gul

gulg

gulm

gulb

guls

gult

gulp

gulh

gum

gub

gubs
굿
gus

guss

gung

guj

gucc

guk

gut

gup

guh
ㄱ (g)ㅝ (weo)
gweo

gweog

gweogg

gweogs

gweon

gweonj

gweonh

gweod

gweol

gweolg

gweolm

gweolb

gweols

gweolt

gweolp

gweolh

gweom

gweob

gweobs

gweos

gweoss

gweong

gweoj

gweocc

gweok

gweot

gweop

gweoh
ㄱ (g)ㅞ (we)
gwe

gweg

gwegg

gwegs

gwen

gwenj

gwenh

gwed

gwel

gwelg

gwelm

gwelb

gwels

gwelt

gwelp

gwelh

gwem

gweb

gwebs

gwes

gwess

gweng

gwej

gwecc

gwek

gwet

gwep
궿
gweh
ㄱ (g)ㅟ (wi)
gwi

gwig

gwigg

gwigs

gwin

gwinj

gwinh

gwid

gwil

gwilg

gwilm

gwilb

gwils

gwilt

gwilp

gwilh

gwim

gwib

gwibs

gwis

gwiss

gwing

gwij

gwicc

gwik

gwit

gwip

gwih
ㄱ (g)ㅠ (yu)
gyu

gyug

gyugg

gyugs

gyun

gyunj

gyunh

gyud

gyul

gyulg

gyulm

gyulb

gyuls

gyult

gyulp

gyulh

gyum

gyub

gyubs

gyus

gyuss

gyung

gyuj

gyucc

gyuk

gyut

gyup

gyuh
ㄱ (g)ㅡ (eu)
geu

geug

geugg

geugs

geun

geunj

geunh
귿
geud

geul

geulg

geulm

geulb

geuls

geult

geulp

geulh

geum

geub

geubs

geus

geuss

geung

geuj

geucc

geuk

geut

geup

geuh
ㄱ (g)ㅢ (yi)
gyi

gyig

gyigg

gyigs

gyin

gyinj

gyinh

gyid

gyil

gyilg

gyilm

gyilb

gyils

gyilt

gyilp

gyilh

gyim

gyib

gyibs

gyis

gyiss

gying

gyij

gyicc

gyik

gyit

gyip

gyih
ㄱ (g)ㅣ (i)
gi

gig

gigg

gigs

gin

ginj

ginh

gid

gil

gilg

gilm

gilb

gils

gilt

gilp
긿
gilh

gim

gib

gibs

gis

giss

ging

gij

gicc

gik

git

gip

gih
ㄲ (gg)ㅏ (a)
gga

ggag

ggagg

ggags

ggan

gganj

gganh

ggad

ggal

ggalg

ggalm

ggalb

ggals

ggalt

ggalp

ggalh

ggam

ggab

ggabs

ggas

ggass

ggang

ggaj

ggacc

ggak

ggat

ggap

ggah
ㄲ (gg)ㅐ (ae)
ggae

ggaeg

ggaegg

ggaegs

ggaen

ggaenj

ggaenh

ggaed

ggael

ggaelg

ggaelm

ggaelb

ggaels

ggaelt

ggaelp

ggaelh

ggaem

ggaeb

ggaebs

ggaes

ggaess

ggaeng

ggaej
깿
ggaecc

ggaek

ggaet

ggaep

ggaeh
ㄲ (gg)ㅑ (ya)
ggya

ggyag

ggyagg

ggyags

ggyan

ggyanj

ggyanh

ggyad

ggyal

ggyalg

ggyalm

ggyalb

ggyals

ggyalt

ggyalp

ggyalh

ggyam

ggyab

ggyabs

ggyas

ggyass

ggyang

ggyaj

ggyacc

ggyak

ggyat

ggyap

ggyah
ㄲ (gg)ㅒ (yae)
ggyae

ggyaeg

ggyaegg

ggyaegs

ggyaen

ggyaenj

ggyaenh

ggyaed

ggyael

ggyaelg

ggyaelm

ggyaelb

ggyaels

ggyaelt

ggyaelp

ggyaelh

ggyaem

ggyaeb

ggyaebs

ggyaes

ggyaess

ggyaeng

ggyaej

ggyaecc

ggyaek

ggyaet

ggyaep

ggyaeh
ㄲ (gg)ㅓ (eo)
ggeo

ggeog

ggeogg
꺿
ggeogs

ggeon

ggeonj

ggeonh

ggeod

ggeol

ggeolg

ggeolm

ggeolb

ggeols

ggeolt

ggeolp

ggeolh

ggeom

ggeob

ggeobs

ggeos

ggeoss

ggeong

ggeoj

ggeocc

ggeok

ggeot

ggeop

ggeoh
ㄲ (gg)ㅔ (e)
gge

ggeg

ggegg

ggegs

ggen

ggenj

ggenh

gged

ggel

ggelg

ggelm

ggelb

ggels

ggelt

ggelp

ggelh

ggem

ggeb

ggebs

gges

ggess

ggeng

ggej

ggecc

ggek

gget

ggep

ggeh
ㄲ (gg)ㅕ (yeo)
ggyeo

ggyeog

ggyeogg

ggyeogs

ggyeon

ggyeonj

ggyeonh

ggyeod

ggyeol

ggyeolg

ggyeolm
껿
ggyeolb

ggyeols

ggyeolt

ggyeolp

ggyeolh

ggyeom

ggyeob

ggyeobs

ggyeos

ggyeoss

ggyeong

ggyeoj

ggyeocc

ggyeok

ggyeot

ggyeop

ggyeoh
ㄲ (gg)ㅖ (ye)
ggye

ggyeg

ggyegg

ggyegs

ggyen

ggyenj

ggyenh

ggyed

ggyel

ggyelg

ggyelm

ggyelb

ggyels

ggyelt

ggyelp

ggyelh

ggyem

ggyeb

ggyebs

ggyes

ggyess

ggyeng

ggyej

ggyecc

ggyek

ggyet

ggyep

ggyeh
ㄲ (gg)ㅗ (o)
ggo

ggog

ggogg

ggogs

ggon

ggonj

ggonh

ggod

ggol

ggolg

ggolm

ggolb

ggols

ggolt

ggolp

ggolh

ggom

ggob

ggobs
꼿
ggos

ggoss

ggong

ggoj

ggocc

ggok

ggot

ggop

ggoh
ㄲ (gg)ㅘ (wa)
ggwa

ggwag

ggwagg

ggwags

ggwan

ggwanj

ggwanh

ggwad

ggwal

ggwalg

ggwalm

ggwalb

ggwals

ggwalt

ggwalp

ggwalh

ggwam

ggwab

ggwabs

ggwas

ggwass

ggwang

ggwaj

ggwacc

ggwak

ggwat

ggwap

ggwah
ㄲ (gg)ㅙ (wae)
ggwae

ggwaeg

ggwaegg

ggwaegs

ggwaen

ggwaenj

ggwaenh

ggwaed

ggwael

ggwaelg

ggwaelm

ggwaelb

ggwaels

ggwaelt

ggwaelp

ggwaelh

ggwaem

ggwaeb

ggwaebs

ggwaes

ggwaess

ggwaeng

ggwaej

ggwaecc

ggwaek

ggwaet

ggwaep
꽿
ggwaeh
ㄲ (gg)ㅚ (oe)
ggoe

ggoeg

ggoegg

ggoegs

ggoen

ggoenj

ggoenh

ggoed

ggoel

ggoelg

ggoelm

ggoelb

ggoels

ggoelt

ggoelp

ggoelh

ggoem

ggoeb

ggoebs

ggoes

ggoess

ggoeng

ggoej

ggoecc

ggoek

ggoet

ggoep

ggoeh
ㄲ (gg)ㅛ (yo)
ggyo

ggyog

ggyogg

ggyogs

ggyon

ggyonj

ggyonh

ggyod

ggyol

ggyolg

ggyolm

ggyolb

ggyols

ggyolt

ggyolp

ggyolh

ggyom

ggyob

ggyobs

ggyos

ggyoss

ggyong

ggyoj

ggyocc

ggyok

ggyot

ggyop

ggyoh
ㄲ (gg)ㅜ (u)
ggu

ggug

ggugg

ggugs

ggun

ggunj

ggunh
꾿
ggud

ggul

ggulg

ggulm

ggulb

gguls

ggult

ggulp

ggulh

ggum

ggub

ggubs

ggus

gguss

ggung

gguj

ggucc

gguk

ggut

ggup

gguh
ㄲ (gg)ㅝ (weo)
ggweo

ggweog

ggweogg

ggweogs

ggweon

ggweonj

ggweonh

ggweod

ggweol

ggweolg

ggweolm

ggweolb

ggweols

ggweolt

ggweolp

ggweolh

ggweom

ggweob

ggweobs

ggweos

ggweoss

ggweong

ggweoj

ggweocc

ggweok

ggweot

ggweop

ggweoh
ㄲ (gg)ㅞ (we)
ggwe

ggweg

ggwegg

ggwegs

ggwen

ggwenj

ggwenh

ggwed

ggwel

ggwelg

ggwelm

ggwelb

ggwels

ggwelt

ggwelp
꿿
ggwelh
뀀
ggwem

ggweb

ggwebs

ggwes

ggwess

ggweng

ggwej

ggwecc

ggwek

ggwet

ggwep

ggweh
ㄲ (gg)ㅟ (wi)
ggwi

ggwig

ggwigg

ggwigs

ggwin

ggwinj

ggwinh

ggwid

ggwil

ggwilg

ggwilm

ggwilb

ggwils

ggwilt

ggwilp

ggwilh

ggwim

ggwib

ggwibs

ggwis

ggwiss

ggwing

ggwij

ggwicc

ggwik

ggwit

ggwip

ggwih
ㄲ (gg)ㅠ (yu)
ggyu

ggyug

ggyugg

ggyugs

ggyun

ggyunj

ggyunh

ggyud

ggyul

ggyulg

ggyulm

ggyulb

ggyuls

ggyult

ggyulp

ggyulh

ggyum

ggyub

ggyubs

ggyus

ggyuss

ggyung

ggyuj

ggyucc

ggyuk

ggyut

ggyup

ggyuh
ㄲ (gg)ㅡ (eu)
ggeu

ggeug

ggeugg

ggeugs

ggeun

ggeunj

ggeunh

ggeud

ggeul

ggeulg

ggeulm

ggeulb

ggeuls

ggeult

ggeulp

ggeulh

ggeum

ggeub

ggeubs

ggeus

ggeuss

ggeung

ggeuj

ggeucc

ggeuk

ggeut

ggeup

ggeuh
ㄲ (gg)ㅢ (yi)
ggyi

ggyig

ggyigg

ggyigs

ggyin

ggyinj

ggyinh

ggyid

ggyil

ggyilg

ggyilm

ggyilb

ggyils

ggyilt

ggyilp

ggyilh

ggyim

ggyib

ggyibs

ggyis

ggyiss

ggying

ggyij

ggyicc

ggyik

ggyit

ggyip

ggyih
ㄲ (gg)ㅣ (i)
ggi

ggig

ggigg

ggigs

ggin

gginj

gginh

ggid

ggil

ggilg

ggilm

ggilb

ggils

ggilt

ggilp

ggilh

ggim

ggib

ggibs

ggis

ggiss

gging

ggij

ggicc

ggik

ggit

ggip

ggih
ㄴ (n)ㅏ (a)
na

nag

nagg

nags

nan

nanj

nanh

nad

nal

nalg

nalm

nalb

nals

nalt

nalp

nalh

nam

nab

nabs

nas

nass

nang

naj

nacc

nak

nat

nap

nah
ㄴ (n)ㅐ (ae)
nae

naeg

naegg

naegs

naen

naenj

naenh

naed

nael

naelg

naelm

naelb

naels

naelt

naelp

naelh

naem

naeb

naebs

naes

naess

naeng

naej

naecc

naek

naet

naep

naeh
ㄴ (n)ㅑ (ya)
nya

nyag

nyagg

nyags

nyan

nyanj

nyanh

nyad

nyal

nyalg

nyalm

nyalb

nyals

nyalt

nyalp

nyalh

nyam

nyab

nyabs

nyas

nyass

nyang

nyaj

nyacc

nyak

nyat

nyap

nyah
ㄴ (n)ㅒ (yae)
nyae

nyaeg

nyaegg

nyaegs

nyaen

nyaenj

nyaenh

nyaed

nyael

nyaelg

nyaelm

nyaelb

nyaels

nyaelt

nyaelp

nyaelh

nyaem

nyaeb

nyaebs

nyaes

nyaess

nyaeng

nyaej

nyaecc

nyaek

nyaet

nyaep

nyaeh
ㄴ (n)ㅓ (eo)
neo

neog

neogg

neogs

neon

neonj

neonh

neod

neol

neolg

neolm

neolb

neols

neolt

neolp

neolh

neom

neob

neobs

neos

neoss

neong

neoj

neocc

neok

neot

neop

neoh
ㄴ (n)ㅔ (e)
ne

neg

negg

negs

nen

nenj

nenh

ned

nel

nelg

nelm

nelb

nels

nelt

nelp

nelh

nem

neb

nebs

nes

ness

neng

nej

necc

nek

net

nep

neh
ㄴ (n)ㅕ (yeo)
nyeo

nyeog

nyeogg

nyeogs

nyeon

nyeonj

nyeonh

nyeod

nyeol

nyeolg

nyeolm

nyeolb

nyeols

nyeolt

nyeolp

nyeolh

nyeom

nyeob

nyeobs

nyeos

nyeoss

nyeong

nyeoj

nyeocc

nyeok

nyeot

nyeop

nyeoh
ㄴ (n)ㅖ (ye)
nye

nyeg

nyegg

nyegs

nyen

nyenj

nyenh

nyed

nyel

nyelg

nyelm

nyelb

nyels

nyelt

nyelp

nyelh

nyem

nyeb

nyebs

nyes

nyess

nyeng

nyej

nyecc

nyek

nyet

nyep

nyeh
ㄴ (n)ㅗ (o)
no

nog

nogg

nogs

non

nonj

nonh

nod

nol

nolg

nolm

nolb

nols

nolt

nolp

nolh

nom

nob

nobs

nos

noss

nong

noj

nocc

nok

not

nop

noh
ㄴ (n)ㅘ (wa)
nwa

nwag

nwagg

nwags

nwan

nwanj

nwanh

nwad

nwal

nwalg

nwalm

nwalb

nwals

nwalt

nwalp

nwalh

nwam

nwab

nwabs

nwas

nwass

nwang

nwaj

nwacc

nwak

nwat

nwap

nwah
ㄴ (n)ㅙ (wae)
nwae

nwaeg

nwaegg

nwaegs

nwaen

nwaenj

nwaenh

nwaed

nwael

nwaelg

nwaelm

nwaelb

nwaels

nwaelt

nwaelp

nwaelh

nwaem

nwaeb

nwaebs

nwaes

nwaess

nwaeng

nwaej

nwaecc

nwaek

nwaet

nwaep

nwaeh
ㄴ (n)ㅚ (oe)
noe

noeg

noegg

noegs

noen

noenj

noenh

noed

noel

noelg

noelm

noelb

noels

noelt

noelp

noelh

noem

noeb

noebs

noes

noess

noeng

noej

noecc

noek

noet

noep

noeh
ㄴ (n)ㅛ (yo)
nyo

nyog

nyogg

nyogs

nyon

nyonj

nyonh

nyod

nyol

nyolg

nyolm

nyolb

nyols

nyolt

nyolp

nyolh

nyom

nyob

nyobs

nyos

nyoss

nyong

nyoj

nyocc

nyok

nyot

nyop

nyoh
ㄴ (n)ㅜ (u)
nu

nug

nugg

nugs

nun

nunj

nunh

nud

nul

nulg

nulm

nulb

nuls

nult

nulp

nulh

num

nub

nubs

nus

nuss

nung

nuj

nucc

nuk

nut

nup

nuh
ㄴ (n)ㅝ (weo)
nweo

nweog

nweogg

nweogs

nweon

nweonj

nweonh

nweod

nweol

nweolg

nweolm

nweolb

nweols

nweolt

nweolp

nweolh

nweom

nweob

nweobs

nweos

nweoss

nweong

nweoj

nweocc

nweok

nweot

nweop

nweoh
ㄴ (n)ㅞ (we)
nwe

nweg

nwegg

nwegs

nwen

nwenj

nwenh

nwed

nwel

nwelg

nwelm

nwelb

nwels

nwelt

nwelp

nwelh

nwem

nweb

nwebs

nwes

nwess

nweng

nwej

nwecc

nwek

nwet

nwep

nweh
ㄴ (n)ㅟ (wi)
nwi

nwig

nwigg

nwigs

nwin

nwinj

nwinh

nwid

nwil

nwilg

nwilm

nwilb

nwils

nwilt

nwilp

nwilh

nwim

nwib

nwibs

nwis

nwiss

nwing

nwij

nwicc

nwik

nwit

nwip

nwih
ㄴ (n)ㅠ (yu)
nyu

nyug

nyugg

nyugs

nyun

nyunj

nyunh

nyud

nyul

nyulg

nyulm

nyulb

nyuls

nyult

nyulp

nyulh

nyum

nyub

nyubs

nyus